Off-road tires (also known as EM tires, Earth Mover Tires) are specifically designed for use on construction sites, in quarries, and on unpaved roads. Compared to road tires, they feature a significantly reinforced carcass, deeper tread grooves, and are made from more resistant rubber compounds that withstand cuts and punctures from sharp-edged rock.
Classification follows the TRA system (Tire and Rim Association): L-2 (Traction), L-3 (Rock), L-4 (Rock, deep), L-5 (Rock, extra deep), and E-3/E-4 for dump trucks. Wheel loaders typically use L-3 or L-5 profiles, dumpers use E-3 or E-4. Tubeless construction equipment tires are now standard and are equipped with special sealant to prevent air loss.
Tire manufacturers such as Michelin (XADN/XHA), Bridgestone (VSDL/VSDT), and BKT also offer tire pressure-dependent drive systems (CTIS) that automatically adjust air pressure to suit the terrain. Filled tires (polyurethane-filled) are used in recycling and demolition equipment, where tire failures are particularly costly.