Putzmeister presented the concrete 3D printer KARLOS at bauma 2022 in Munich. The system enables layer-by-layer extrusion of concrete components without formwork and is aimed at precast manufacturers and construction companies for special structures. The technology of additive concrete printing is currently mainly used for geometrically complex individual components and prototypes that would be uneconomical with conventional formwork. According to industry estimates, whether 3D concrete printing can establish itself in building construction beyond niche applications depends primarily on printing speed, material costs, and building code approval.